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NPCI dials in next 500 million Indians with A.I.

Call me: Voice-to-text and back again is how India is extending digital payments, says Praveena Rai.

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The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), the government agency behind digital-identity database Aadhaar and UPI, the free mobile-payments service, is now calling in new tactics to extend its reach.

Praveena Rai, COO, rang in the new strategy, called Pay123, at this week’s Global Fintech Fest. She says NPCI is turning to artificial intelligence to transform the humble feature phone (not smartphones) into a tool to enable people to make payments verbally.

NPCI’s job is to execute the vision of the Reserve Bank of India to enable everyone to make a digital payment anywhere in the country, at any time.

“Do we have the quality of connectivity to commit to that?” she asked. The “everyone” aspect of the task is especially difficult, because it forces NPCI to wrestle with big social challenges, including affordability, literacy, and the ability to confirm one’s identity.

Call me

India, like many emerging markets, still has a substantial portion of its population in poor and remote villages, some of which aren’t even connected to the internet.

Although there are 1.2 billion smartphones in India, that doesn’t mean everyone has one. Many people rely on feature phones that lack a data component.

Literacy is another problem: 26 percent of Indians are illiterate. There are 121 languages spoken in India, so even if people are literate, they may not understand Hindi, Tamil, or other major languages. Only about 5 percent of Indians speak English. However, mobile apps and customer service teams tend to operate only in the most popular languages.

Aadhaar in theory has covered the population but the proportion of active users is low, with only about 340 million people out of the 970 million above the age of 14 registered using its debit card as a source of identity.

Rai said, “We need payments that work over a phone line, under unstable data conditions, that leverages Aadhaar-based registrations, and involves just speaking – no reading or typing. These are the triggers to solve this.”

Hanging on the telephone

Voice, on the other hand, is back in vogue – whether it’s via virtual assistants, communicating via WhatsApp or other voice-over-internet protocols (VoIPs), or people using a new breed of hybrid handhelds that enable VoIP on feature phones.

Now NPCI can even turn an analog phone call into a digital payments message.

“This will bring digital payments to the next 500 million people,” Rai said. “Promoting the cashless model will contribute to economic growth.”

Rai says the agency has worked with a variety of fintechs (which she didn’t name) to make this happen. The user calls a number associated with Pay123 and verbalizes their payment instruction, which includes inputting a UPI account number to serve as their identifier. An A.I., using automatic speech recognition, converts this to text. (People using hybrid phones with a camera can also scan a merchant’s QR code.)



Then the machine translates that text into English and interprets the command, using natural language processing. Finally, the system reverses the flow, turning the English-text command into a verbal confirmation in the user’s spoken language, so they can confirm the transaction.

To make all of this work involves building a lot of libraries and databases. Rai says at present, 123Pay’s accuracy is 80 percent, but higher for simple payments, because they only require a simple vocabulary of commands.

“Payroll send 500 rupees – that’s just four words, with focused intent and limited context,” Rai said. The A.I. will improve for more complex instructions with usage.

One way or another

NPCI is working with fintechs and banks to develop use cases. The simplest is requesting a money transfer between accounts. Now this can be done on a payphone, just like using the UPI mobile app. Payments are now possible for topping up mobile phones, making insurance payments, and cash-on-delivery instructions, to enable e-commerce.

The most common use case is paying electricity bills. The NPCI is working with India’s biggest energy companies to extend this to all households so they can pay for gas and other utilities. Rai says there is about 2 lakh (200,000) households using 123Pay to pay gas bills.

“The possibilities for using voice are endless,” Rai said, imaginging scenarios such as ordering fuel or buying a parking spot while sitting in your car; using internet-connected devices to verbally order groceries; or making an online purchase with just a merchant’s UPI identifier (from watching a TV ad, for example).

As people use the service they will also be building a credit profile, while merchants can begin to use voice to access working capital. The data will become a building block for another generation of fintech companies, with the market opportunity expanding in line with usage, which will continue to refine the algorithms.

“The next set of unicorns will emerge from this ecosystem,” Rai said, noting that there is a lot of room to add voice-enabled services by regions and language group, as well as other customer segments.


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